Home Cooking

Sep 28 2011

Intro

When you want a simple, warm meal that will fill you up and make you feel like a kid again, nothing beats a little home cooking.

Home cooking is food like your mom used to make when you were a kid. In the United States, home cooking is often heavy food with lots of carbs, like mac n’ cheese or mashed potatoes. It may be fattening, but it’s so tasty, you just have to clean your plate.

Hear Devan and Mason talk about their love of home cooking.

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Reduction of Adverb Clauses to Modifying Phrases

1.Changing time clauses to modifying phrases:

Some adverb clauses may be changed to modifying phrases. The way is 
the same as changing adjective clauses:

 Omit the subject and the be form of the verb of the
dependent clause:

Adverb clause: 
While she was going home, she runs into a friend.

Modifying phrase: 
While going home, she runs into a friend.

 If there is no be form of a verb, omit
 the subject and change the verb to -ing:

Adverb clause: Before he came, he called us.
Modifying phrase: Before coming, he called us.

While he was reading a book, she knocks at the door.
This adverb clause cannot be changed to a modifying clause
because the two clauses have different subjects.

While Frank was reading, he felt very upset.
While reading, Frank felt very upset.

When Safia was arrived at home, she began to call on her daughter.
When arrived at home, Safia began to call on her daughter.

 When the adverb clause is changedto a modifying phrase, the noun in 
the adverb clause becomes the subject of the independent clause.
 

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Preposition Collocations with Be

be absent from		be absolved of		be accepted as/to
be according to		be accused of		be accustomed to
be acquainted with		be adamant about		be addicted to
be affected by		be afraid of		be after
be alarmed at		be aligned with		be (all) set for
be amazed at/by		be an authority on		be angry about/at/with
be annoyed at/with		be anxious about		be appropriate for
be armed with		be around		be arrested for
be ashamed of		be associated with		be astonished at/by
be at it (again)		be attached to		be attracted to
be aware of		be away from
be back (from)		be bad at		be bad for
be banned from		be based (up)on		be behind (schedule)
be bent on		be biased about		be big on
be blamed for		be blessed with		be bored with
be bound for
be capable of		be carried away about/with		be caught up in
be centered around		be certain of		be charged with
be classified as		be clear about		be clear to
be clever at		be close to		be cluttered (up) with
be a combination of		be compared to		be compensated for
be composed of		be comprised of		be concerned about/with
be confident of		be confused about		be congratulated for/on
be connected to/with		be conned into		be considerate of
be considered for		be content with		be contrary to
be convenient for/to		be convinced of		be convicted of/for
be coordinated with		be covered with		be crammed into
be crazy about		be credited with		be criticized for/as
be crowded with
be dedicated to		be delighted with		be dependent (up)on
be devoted to		be different from/than		be disappointed about/at/in/with
be discouraged about		be discriminated against		be disgusted with
be disillusioned with		be disqualified for		be disposed of
be distinguished from		be divided into		be divorced (from)
be done with		be down		be down on/with
be dragged into		be dressed (up) in		be drunk with/on
be east of		be elected as/to		be eligible for
be embarrassed about/at		be encouraged by		be entailed in
be engaged to/in		be entrusted with		be envious of
be equal/equivalent to		be equipped with		be estranged from
be evicted from		be excited about		be expelled from
be faithful to		be faced with		be familiar with/to
be famous for		be fanatic(al) about		be fascinated with
be fed up with		be filled with		be finished with
be fired for/from		be followed by		be fond of
be for the sake of		be fraught with		be free from/of
be friendly to/with		be frightened by/at		be full of
be furnished with
be glad to		be good at		be good to
be gone to/with		be grateful for/to		be guilty of
be half-hearted about		be hailed as		be happy about/with
be hard on		be headed for/to/toward		be hired as/for
be hitched to
be immersed in		be imposed (up)on		be impressed by/with
be in		be in accordance with		be in agreement with
be an indication of		be an issue of		be in back of
be in bed with		be in cahoots with		be in charge of
be in common with		be in conjunction with		be in contact with
be in control of		be in danger of		be in exchange for
be in favor of		be in front of		be in honor of
be in hope(s) of		be in love with		be in need of
be in on		be in place of		be in possession of
be in proximity to		be in reference to		be in regard to
be in response to		be in return for		be in search of
be in store for		be in sync with		be in tandem with
be in the habit of		be in the middle of		be in the midst of
be in the vicinity of		be in time for		be in touch with
be in trouble with/for		be in tune with		be incensed with
be inducted into		be inferior to		be infested with
be informed about		be innocent of		be insecure about
be insistent (up)on		be interested in		be into
be involved in		be irritated at/with		be isolated from
be jealous of
be kind of		be kind to		be knowledgeable about
be known as/for
be labeled as		be leery of		be left of/with
be less than		be limited to		be located at/near
be lower than
be mad at/about		be made of/from		be married to
be a matter of		be the matter with		be mean to
be meant to		be a measure of		be mindful of
be more than
be named as/after		be next to		be nice to
be notorious for		be north of		be nuts about
be obedient to		be oblivious about/to		be obsessed with
be obvious to		be off		be okay with
be on		be on behalf of		be on the brink of
be on the edge of		be on the verge of		be on time for
be on to		be on top of		be open about/for/to
be opposed to		be opposite from		be oppressed by
be out		be out of		be out of concern for
be out of contact with		be out of sync with		be out of touch with
be outraged about		be outspoken about		be over with
be parallel to		be partial to		be patient with
be a pattern of		be pegged as		be perturbed at/about
be pleased with		be polite to		be popular with
be praised for/about		be precious to		be preoccupied with
be prepared for		be prohibited from		be promoted to
be provided with		be proud of		be psyched about
be punished for		be put off by
be qualified for		be a question of
be ready for		be regarded as		be related to
be relevant to		be relieved of		be remembered for
be rescued from		be reserved for		be responsible for
be retired from		be rid of		be rife with
be right to		be riled up (about)		be roped into
be rude to
be satisfied with		be saved from		be scared of
be selected as/for		be sensible about		be separated from
be set on		be shocked at		be short of
be sick of/about		be a sign of		be similar to
be soft on		be sorry about/for		be sort of
be south of		be specialized in		be spoken for
be startled at		be strange to		be a stranger to
be stressed out about		be stuck on/with		be stunned at
be subject to		be sufficient for		be suitable for
be superior to		be sure of		be surprised at/about
be suspected of		be suspended from		be a symbol of
be taken aback by/at		be taken in by		be tantamount to
be tapped as/by		be terrified of/with		be there for
be a threat to		be through with		be ticked off about
be tired of		be tuned (in)to		be to the left of
be to the right of
be uncalled for		be under arrest		be under fire for
be under investigation for		be up against		be up front with
be up in arms about		be up on		be up to
be upset about/with		be uptight about		be used for
be used to		be useful to
be valued as/at		be vindicated of
be wary of/about		be west of		be whipped into
be wiped out		be with it		be with reference to
be with respect to		be worked up about		be worried about
be wrapped up in		be wrong with
be zealous about

See also: Grammar: Verb and Preposition Collocations

Mustn't or don't have to

Tick the correct sentence in each pair..

1 a The performance starts at 8 pm so we don't have to be late.
   b The performance starts at 8 pm so we mustn't be late.
2 a You mustn't tell anyone because it's a secret
   b You don't have to tell anyone because it's a secret

Mustn't is used to say that something is not allowed:
You mustn't smoke in here. (it's not allowed)
We mustn't shout. (the baby is asleep, we'll wake her up)
Don't have to is used to say that it is not necessary to do something:
I'm on holiday! I don't have to work for two weeks.
We don't have to whisper. (there's no one else here)
Underline the correct words.
1 We don't have to / mustn't pay to get in. It's free.
2 Be quiet! You mustn't / don't have to talk in the library.
3 We mustn't / don't have to forget our tickets for the train, or we'll have to pay a fine.
4 You mustn't / don't have to wear a uniform. You can wear whatever you like.
5 Tell Ahmed he mustn't / doesn't have to argue with his boss again, or he'll get the sack.
6 You don't have to / mustn't tidy your room. I tidied it this morning.
7 I mustn't / don't have to leave early. If I miss my bus I can walk home.
8 We mustn't / don't have to be late. They lock the doors after midnight.

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Interjections

Hi! That's an interjection.

Interjection is a big name for a little word. Interjections are short exclamations like Oh!, Um or Ah! They have no real grammatical value but we use them quite often, usually more in speaking than in writing. When interjections are inserted into a sentence, they have no grammatical connection to the sentence. An interjection is sometimes followed by an exclamation mark (!) when written.

Interjections like er and um are also known as "hesitation devices". They are extremely common in English. People use them when they don't know what to say, or to indicate that they are thinking about what to say. You should learn to recognize them when you hear them and realize that they have no real meaning.

from:http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/interjections.htm

The table below shows some interjections with examples.

interjection	meaning	example
ah	expressing pleasure	"Ah, that feels good."
	expressing realization	"Ah, now I understand."
	expressing resignation	"Ah well, it can't be heped."
	expressing surprise	"Ah! I've won!"
alas	expressing grief or pity	"Alas, she's dead now."
dear	expressing pity	"Oh dear! Does it hurt?"
	expressing surprise	"Dear me! That's a surprise!"
eh	asking for repetition	"It's hot today." "Eh?" "I said it's hot today."
	expressing enquiry	"What do you think of that, eh?"
	expressing surprise	"Eh! Really?"
	inviting agreement	"Let's go, eh?"
er	expressing hesitation	"Lima is the capital of...er...Peru."
hello, hullo	expressing greeting	"Hello John. How are you today?"
	expressing surprise	"Hello! My car's gone!"
hey	calling attention	"Hey! look at that!"
	expressing surprise, joy etc	"Hey! What a good idea!"
hi	expressing greeting	"Hi! What's new?"
hmm	expressing hesitation, doubt or disagreement	"Hmm. I'm not so sure."
oh, o	expressing surprise	"Oh! You're here!"
	expressing pain	"Oh! I've got a toothache."
	expressing pleading	"Oh, please say 'yes'!"
ouch	expressing pain	"Ouch! That hurts!"
uh	expressing hesitation	"Uh...I don't know the answer to that."
uh-huh	expressing agreement	"Shall we go?" "Uh-huh."
um, umm	expressing hesitation	"85 divided by 5 is...um...17."
well	expressing surprise	"Well I never!"
	introducing a remark	"Well, what did he say?"

Days of the Week

Notice that all days of the week are capitalized. When speaking about an action that is repeated EVERY Saturday, Monday, etc. use the day of the week + 's'

Example Sentences

I usually play tennis on Saturdays.

We often eat out on Fridays.

In / On Time

'In time' indicates that someone will do something before a given time in the future. 'On time' indicates that someone will do something at a given time in the future.

Example Sentences

I h ope he arrives in time for the event.
Tom is always on time for work.

Today's topic: Verb + preposition

account for  He accounted for such problems.

 accuse SO of ST He accused her of stealing the money.

adapt to  They adapted to the new culture.

add SO/ST to SO/S T  She added milk to the grocery list.

add to Translation problems added to the confusion.

adjust to  They adjusted to their new environment.

admit ST to SO  She admitted her real age to everybody.

admit to  She admitted to cheating on the test.

agree on  We agreed on the price.

agree to He agreed to the new conditions.

agree with  I agree with you.

apologize to SO for ST  I apologized to her for being rude.

appeal to SO for ST  The nation appealed to the UN for assistance.

approve of  The parents approved of the marriage.

argue with SO about SO/ST  Timmy argued with his father about his curfew.

argue with SO over ST  The customer argued with the salesman over the store's return policy.

arrange for SO (to do something)They arranged for an interpreter to be present.

 arrest SO for ST   The police arrested the man for stealing the car.

The Eight Parts of Speech

Words are used to form patterns of English grammar and syntax. Each word falls into one of eight categories referred to as parts of speech. Here are the eight commonly recognized parts of speech.

Certain words have further categorization such as: adverbs of frequency: always, sometimes, often, etc. or determiners: this, that, these, those . However, the basic categorization of words in English fall into these eight categories.

Once you've studied the eight parts of speech you can test your understanding 

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Tip of the Day: On / At the Weekend

On / At the Weekend

British English: at the weekend OR at weekends (in general) / US English: on the weekend OR on weekends (in general)

Example Sentences

US English - I like plying tennis on weekends.
British English - She enjoys going into London at weekends.

Common Mistakes in English - Everyday vs Every Day

Everyday

Use everyday as an adjective to mean 'daily'.

Examples:

Peter has an everyday appointment with his boss for briefings.
Susan has an everyday yoga class at five pm.

Every day

Use every day as a time expression to mean 'each day'.

Examples:

Peter studies Russian every day.
She pratices the piano three hours every day.

Do you understand the rules? Test your knowledge with this

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Grammar Ghallange/Still, yet and already

Still, yet and already

Today we present some basic information for understanding the meaning of these adverbs and where to put them in sentences.

Our challenger Alessia, from Italy, has to make good sentences using the correct adverbs in the correct places.

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Could - Was Able To

"Could" is the past of can which expresses ability and permission. "Was able to" expresses the same idea, but is often used for a specific situation.

Example Sentences

She couldn't attend that class last semester.

He wasn't able to buy tickets for the concert on Saturday.

Interested or Interesting

 

Interested or Interesting?

Remember to use the "-ed" form of the adjective to describe how people are affected. In this case, "bored by" is the only correct combination of adjective and preposition.

Example Sentences

That documentary was very interesting.

Tim was interested in the project.

Dialogue

Jeff: So Ella, what do you think of that new Scorsese movie?

Ella:  I am so disappointed. I love horror movies, thriller flicks. But Shutter Island, it was just a huge disappointment. It was so predictable and it was just like “Oh, they’re on an island, they’re in a fortress, it’s all locked down, something scary is gonna happen!” But nothing scary happened. It was…I was just so disappointed, compared to his movies in the past. Have you seen his other movies before?

Jeff:  Yeah, I’ve seen…I was just thinking about Taxi Driver earlier today. I really like that one. I feel like a lot of his earlier stuff I’m in favor of, like I don’t think the newer stuff measures up.

Ella:  I think he’s losing his mind.

Jeff:  Yeah, an Oscar for The Departed? I disagree.

Ella:  I never saw that, so I can’t say anything about that yet.

Jeff:  Well, I’ll go ahead and let you decide for yourself, but that wasn’t my favorite.

Ella:  So, how do you think he’s evolved, you know, compared to his older movies, to now?

Jeff:  I think that’s the problem. He hasn’t evolved. His new ones are a little too formulaic.

Ella:  Yeah.

Jeff:  And he’s kinda been pulling the same punches for years.
Discussion

Ella loves horror movies and thrillers, so she was excited to see Shutter Island, which looks scary. But Ella didn’t think the movie was scary at all. She was disappointed by the film.

Martin Scorsese directed Shutter Island. Jeff is a fan of some of Scorsese’s earlier films, like Taxi Driver, Raging Bull, and Goodfellas. But he has been less impressed by Scorsese’s more recent work. He thinks Scorsese’s movies have become too formulaic and predictable. Scorsese hasn’t learned to pull any new punches.

Who is your favorite movie director? Are you someone who is predictable, or do you like to try new things?
Grammar Point

Present Perfect Progressive

Jeff says Martin Scorsese has been pulling the same punches for years. This is an example of the present perfect progressive tense.

We use this tense to talk about an on-going action that began in the past and is still in progress now. Martin Scorsese began pulling the same punches in the past, and he is still pulling the same punches now.

We form the present perfect progressive with have/has been + main verb + ing. For example, “I have been following Scorsese’s career ever since he made Taxi Driver.”

Which is correct, “We has been watching a lot of movies lately” or “We have been watching a lot of movies lately”?

قید حالت

How do I form adverbs?
 
1. Tick the correct sentence in each pair.

1 a When I heard the news. I left immediately.
   b When I heard the news. I left immediatly.
2 a I was really tired when I got home.
   b I was realy tired when I got home.

We use adverbs to describe verbs. In general, we form an adverb by adding -ly to an adjective:
Clear → clearly, fortunate → fortunately, careful → carefully

If an adjective ends in y, we change the y to i before adding –ly:
Easy → easily, happy → happily, lucky → luckily

We can't make adverbs from adjectives such as friendly and lovely, which already end in -ly. Instead we use the adjective + fashion, manner or way.
The teacher spoke to me in a friendly way.

Some adverbs are irregular. Good is an adjective and well is an adverb; fast and hard are both. We also use hardly before a verb to mean 'only just, almost not':
I hardly play chess at all. My brother is a good chess player. He plays chess well. He works hard to improve his game.

We sometimes use adverbs such as really, completely, absolutely, truly (true + -ly) with adjectives (see Unit 23):
My new watch is truly lovely.
 
2. Complete the sentences with the adverb form.
 
1 The room was  .......... (complete) empty when I went in.
2 And .......... (final), I would like to thank everyone for coming.
3 I am .......... (true) sorry for what happened.
4 I look forward to hearing from you. Yours .......... (sincere), Jess Cripps.
5 The other team wasn't very good, so we won .......... (easy).
6 My friend is .......... (definite) the best student in the class.
7 My father drove very .......... (fast), so we got there on time.
8 I was late for school, but .......... (lucky) the teacher was late too.

www.openlearningcenter.com

The 20 Rules of Subject Verb Agreement in Standard English

1. Subjects and verbs must agree in number. This is the cornerstone rule that forms the background of the concept.

The dog growls when he is angry. The dogs growl when they are angry.

2. Don’t get confused by the words that come between the subject and verb; they do not affect agreement.

The dog, who is chewing on my jeans, is usually very good.

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The Preposition

Recognize a preposition when you see one.

Prepositions are the words that indicate location. Usually, prepositions show this location in the physical world. Check out the three examples below:

The puppy is on the floor.

The puppy is in the trashcan.

The puppy is beside the phone.

On, in, and beside are all prepositions. They are showing where the puppy is. Prepositions can also show location in time. Read the next three examples:

At midnight, Jill craved mashed potatoes with grape jelly.

In the spring, I always vow to plant tomatoes but end up buying them at the supermarket.

During the marathon, Iggy's legs complained with sharp pains shooting up his thighs.

At midnight, in the spring, and during the marathon all show location in time.

Because there are so many possible locations, there are quite a few prepositions. Below is the complete list.

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English Grammar - Causative Verbs

Causative Verbs

Jack had his house painted.

This sentence is similar in meaning to: Someone painted Jack's house. OR Jack's house was painted by someone. Causative verbs express the idea of someone causing something to take place. Causative verbs can be similar in meaning to passive verbs.

Examples:

My hair was cut. (passive)
I had my hair cut. (causative)

Both 'make' and 'have' can be used as causative verbs.

Make

'Make' as a causative verb expresses the idea that the person requires another person to do something.

Construction Chart

Subject + Make + Person + Base Form of Verb

Examples:

Peter made her do her homework.
The teacher made the students stay after class.

Have

'Have' as a causative verb expresses the idea that the person wants something to be done for them. This causative verb is often used when speaking about various services. There are two forms of the causative verb 'have'.

Construction Chart: Use 1

Subject + Have + Person + Base Form of Verb

Examples:

They had John arrive early.
She had her children cook dinner for her.

Construction Chart: Use 2 Subject + Have + Object + Past Participle

Examples:

I had my hair cut last Saturday.
She had the car washed at the weekend.

Note: This form is similar in meaning to the passive.

grammar

Here is your Free English Lesson "Commonly confused nouns"
 

1) Tick the correct sentence in each pair.
1 a I decided to stay in home.
   b I decided to stay at home.
2 a There's no space to write any more, I'm afraid.
   b There's no place to write any more. I'm afraid.

House or home?

http://www.openlearningcenter.com

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آیا دوست دارید قوانین گرامر را یاد بگیرید؟

 

"English Grammar through Stories"

Do you like to learn grammar rules? Certainly not. Or at least not much. Yet, grammar is important if you want to learn English. You probably remember how your English teachers tried to explain grammar rules to you when you were at school. You did hundreds of textbook exercises and wrote numerous grammar tests but how good is your grammar after all these long years? Have you ever asked yourself why it seems so hard to master Englishgrammar?

source:http://www.english-test.net

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Common English Irregular Plurals Forms

 

This article was written by M.J Mardan

                                                                 

Most nouns in English are made into plural nouns by adding an ’s’ to the singular form. If the noun ends with an s, ch, sh, or x, an ‘es ‘ is added to make the noun plural. Plural nouns that are not made plural in this way are irregular plural nouns .

Irregular Plurals List

Each group of words has similar changes.

US ->  I

SINGULAR                           PLURAL
alumnus                                     alumni
cactus                                         cacti
focus                                            foci/focuses
fungus                                         fungi/funguses
nucleus                                       nuclei
radius                                          radii
stimulus                                     stimuli

IS -> ES

SINGULAR                        PLURAL
axis                                          axes
analysis                                 analyses
basis                                        bases
crisis                                       crises
diagnosis                               diagnoses
ellipsis                                    ellipses
hypothesis                            hypotheses
oasis                                        oases
paralysis                                paralyses
parenthesis                           parentheses
synthesis                               syntheses
synopsis                                synopses
thesis                                      theses

IX -> ICES

SINGULAR                           PLURAL
appendix                                appendices
index                                        indeces/indexes
matrix                                      matrices/matrixes

EAU -> EAUX

SINGULAR                       PLURAL
beau                                        beaux
bureau                                   bureaus/bureaux
tableau                                  tableaux/tableaus

EN

SINGULAR                       PLURAL
child                                       children
man                                         men
ox                                            oxen
woman                                  women

A

SINGULAR                       PLURAL
bacterium                            bacteria
corpus                                   corpora
criterion                               criteria
curriculum                          curricula
datum                                    data
genus                                     genera
medium                                media
memorandum                    memoranda
phenomenon                      phenomena
stratum                                 strata

NO CHANGE

SINGULAR                          PLURAL
deer                                           deer
fish                                             fish
means                                       means
offspring                                  offspring
series                                        series
sheep                                        sheep
species                                     species

OO -> EE

SINGULAR                        PLURAL
foot                                          feet
goose                                      geese
tooth                                       teeth

A -> AE

SINGULAR                          PLURAL
antenna                                    antennae/antennas
formula                                     formulae/formulas
nebula                                       nebulae
vertebra                                   vertebrae
vita                                             vitae

OUSE -> ICE

SINGULAR                          PLURAL
louse                                          lice
mouse                                       mice

گرامر

Here is your Free English Lesson

 

Something, anything, nothing or everything

 

Part one-Tick the correct sentence in each pair.

 

a -She ate nothing for two days

b- She ate anything for two days

A is correct

a- I won't see something like it again

b- I won't see anything like it again

B is correct

We use something and nothing in positive statements

I wanted to watch something on TV

When I lost my money, there was nothing I could do

 

We use anything in negative statements and questions

When I lost my money, there wasn't anything I could do -not there wasn’t nothing-

I couldn't afford anything very expensive. -not I couldn’t afford something -

Did you buy anything to wear for the party

I'm not very lucky - I never win anything

We also use anything with will, could and would to mean 'any thing, it does not matter what

I will do anything to have my watch back

I liked the belt because I could wear it with anything

 

We use everything to mean 'all things'

My friend and I do everything together. (not do all together)I can't say everything I want to say

 

Part two- Complete the sentences with something, nothing, anything or everything

I wanted to buy .......... for the meal

something

I'm not going to say .......... about the accident

anything

Thanks for .......... , and don't forget to write

everything

I've never heard .......... as loud as that

anything

There's a bed in my room, but .......... else

nothing

The students would do .......... teacher asked

anything

I was really proud. I listened carefully and I understood

.................. 

everything

I can't play billiards or .......... like that

anything

joke

Purchasing a new bird

After many years of marriage, a husband has turned into a couch potato, became completely inattentive to his wife and sat guzzling beer and watching TV all day. The wife was dismayed because no matter what she did to attract the husband's attention, he'd just shrug her off with some bored comment.

This went on for many months and the wife was going crazy with boredom. Then one day at a pet store, the wife saw this big, ugly, snorting bird with a hairy chest, powerful hairy forearms, beady eyes and dribble running down the side of its mouth.

The shopkeeper, observing her fascination with the bird, told her it was a special imported "Goony bird" and it had a very peculiar trait. To demonstrate, he exclaimed, "Goony bird! The table!"

Immediately, the Goony bird flew off its perch and with single-minded fury attacked the table and smashed it into a hundred little pieces with its powerful forearms and claws! To demonstrate some more, the shopkeeper said, "Goony bird! The shelf!"

Again the Goony bird turned to the shelf and demolished it in seconds.

"Wow!" said the wife, "If this doesn't attract my husband's attention, nothing will!" So she bought the bird and took it home.

When she entered the house, the husband was, as usual, sprawled on the sofa guzzling beer and watching the game. "Honey!" she exclaimed, "I've got a surprise for you! A Goony bird!"

The husband, in his usual bored tone replied, "Goony Bird, my foot!"

گرامر

 

زمان حال ساده

 

ساختار

جمع
go, play, don't work	we you they

مفرد
go, play, don't work	I, you
goes, plays, doesn't work	he, she, it

 

کاربرد

زمان حال ساده يکي از متداول‌ترين زمانها در زبان انگليسي مي‌باشد که براي مقاصد زير مورد استفاده قرار مي‌گيرد:

1- براي بيان عملي که هميشه تکرار مي‌شود، مانند يک عادت يا رسم:

I go to school by bus. We get up at 7 AM. 'Does he smoke?' 'No, he doesn't.'

 

2- براي بیان حقیقتی که همیشه یا معمولاً درست است:

• The earth orbits the sun.

• I come from Iran.

• Some animals migrate in winter. (بعضي از حيوانات در زمستان مهاجرت مي‌کنند.)

 

3- براي بيان حقيقتي که براي مدتي (طولاني) دوام داشته باشد:

• I work in a shop.

• She lives in a small cottage.

 

زمان حال ساده اغلب با قيدهاي تکرار مورد استفاده قرار مي‌گيرند. مهمترين قيدهاي تکرار (frequency adverbs) عبارتند از: never     rarely     sometimes     often     usually     always 0%^................................. 50% ^.................................100% I usually play football with my friends. I never go shopping. sometimes she plays piano for us.

 

نکاتي در مورد هجي (verb + s)

1- افعالي که به x, ch, sh, ss و o ختم مي‌شوند، به جاي es ، s مي‌گيرند:

kisses, washes, watches, does, boxes

2- افعالي که به y ختم مي‌شوند و قبل از آن حرف بي‌صدايي بيايد، y به ies تبديل مي‌شود:

try, tries     hurry, hurries     fly, flies

ولي آن دسته از افعالي که به y ختم مي‌شوند و قبل از آن يک حرف صدادار وجود دارد، تنها يک s مي‌گيرند:

plays, buys, enjoys

حرف اضافه

حروف اضافه ( prepositions)

 ……,In -on- at- from همه حروف اضافه هستند كه قبل از اسم- فعل يا صفت قرارميگيردمبحث حروف اضافه شايداز سخت ترين قسمت گرامر باشدحال برخي از اسم ها صفت ها يا فعلها حروف اضافه خاص  دارند كه بايد انها را بخاطر بسپاريم

1)afraid of

ترسيدن از 

:Homa  is not  afraid of the dog

هما از سگ نميترسد 

2-angry with

عصباني بودن از

The teacher  was angry with Maedeh

معلم از دست مائده عصباني بود

3)complain about

شكايت كردن در مورد

Sheyda complained about the  weather

شيدا از هوا شكايت كرد  

4)Congratulate on  

تبريك گفتن براي

Homa congratulated  Mike on his success

هما به مايك براي موفقيتش تبريك گفت  

5)jealous of

حسودي كردن به

Soha is not jealous of her brother

سها به برادرش حسودي نميكند

اسم

اسم( noun)

اسم كلمه ايست كه براي ناميدن همه پديده هايي كه در اطراف ما وجود دارد بكار برده ميشود مانند:

Eagle      -     ewer      -     bible   - joy    -      fear

از تقسيم بندي فوق ميتوان نتيجه گرفت كه اسم به دو گروه كاملا متمايز عام و خاص تقسيم ميشود

1- اسم هاي عام   ( common nouns)

اين گروه از اسمها آنهايي هستند كه بر افراد و اشياه نباتات حيوانات احساس ها و مكانها ي همجنس خود نامگذاري مي شوند

Man- Map- tree- bear - anger - town

 

بايد توجه داشت كه اسم هاي عام خود به دو گروه تقسيم ميشوند كه عبارتند از:

(Aاسم هاي ذات (concrete nouns)

براي  تعريف و تشخيص اسم هاي ذات كافي است بگوييم كه ديدن و لمس كردن آنها در دنياي مادي ميسر است از قبيل: Soil- candle - lighter - sugar

                                          

 (Bاسم هاي معنا ( (abstract nouns

اين گونه اسمها آنهايي هستند كه در جهان مادي رويت و لمس آنها ميسر نيست و فقط از آثا راشا ن ميتوان  پي بوجودشان برد مانند: Honesty Beauty

 

-2 اسم هاي خاص (proper nouns)

از اسم هاي خاص براي ناميدن شخص شيئ و يا مكان بخصوصي استفاده  ميكنيم

Farabi   فارابي- Madrid مادريد- Koranقر ان

 

ادامه نوشته

گرامر

کاربرد The

 The را زمانی به کار میبریم که از چیزی فقط یکی وجود داشته باشد. (یگانه باشد.)  مثلا, طولانی ترین رود, رود نیل است.در جهان تنها یک رود دراز بنام نیل وجود دارد.پس:

What’s the longest river in the world?  (There is only one longest river) 

The earth goes round the sun and the moon goes round the earth     . 

I am going away at the end of this month.                                          

 

فراموش نکنید:

Paris is the capital of France. (Not Paris is capital of…)

 

به مثالهای زیر توجه کنید:

We looked up at all the stars in the sky.                                                       

Would you rather live in a town or in the country?                                       

We must do more to protect the environment. (=the natural world around us)

 

The را قبل از same به کار میبریم:

Your T-shirt is the same color as mine.                      

These two photographs are the same.                     

 

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